Let's just say the plot was inspired by de Sade's life, rather than based on it. One nice point, this "Sade" is just as antireligious as the original, but his quips are better: "Your god hung up his own son like a side of veal -- I can only imagine what he'd do to me."
In any case, the character here is a writer locked up in a madhouse, who above all must keep on telling stories (in this case pornographic and/or violent) to live; and an establishment which simultaneously condemns his writing and (very literally) profits from it. The authorities keep taking away his writing instruments (the 'quills' of the title), but he perseveres, using wine, blood, even feces to keep scribbling away.
I realize they're trying to make some political points here, but they're not well thought out. For example, the virginal Madeline says "If I wasn't such a bad woman on the page, I couldn't be such a good woman in life." This sounds clever but it's not at all true: virgins don't read pornography as part of a program of self-restraint, nor does it seem plausible that it would have this effect. The screenwriter knows this, too, as shown by the carryings-on of some of the minor characters.
Better served is the idea that Sade's writing is no more horrific than the world he lived in, specifically the Terror which followed the French Revolution. This is reflected both in the opening scene (which I won't divulge, but is quite well done) and Sade's excellent line (to Coulmier), "I've been to Hell. You've only read about it in books."
The characters are not particularly complex, but the actors do an excellent job of hiding this. The hardest job is given to Michael Caine, whose character is really a cartoon villain, but he carries it off.
I think I can warn you without 'spoiling' that the film has a nice 'madmen playing telephone through the prison walls' sequence about two-thirds of the way through, but the plot goes disappointingly awry after that.
It should be noted that film owes much -- perhaps too much, there are many near-quotations -- to such wildly diverse sources as "Silence of the Lambs" (gore, mayhem, an imprisoned mad genius), "The Pillow Book" (a mania for writing and reading made flesh), and, most expectably, "Marat/Sade" (the politics of nihilism vs. revolution). It's unfortunate that "Quills" is not as good as any of them.
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