When The Doctor returns to the Tardis to identify the alien it is still dark, with the streets lit by lamps. He is only in the Tardis for a few moments, but when he exits, it is full day light.
When Vincent lights the lamp for The Doctor and Amy, it starts to glow already just as the match is entering the top of the chimney. If you try to light a lamp like this, you will burn your fingers long before the wick lights. Take the chimney off and come at the wick from the side.
Both of Vincent's ears are intact. At least part of Vincent van Gogh's left ear was cut off in December 1888, more than a year and a half before his encounter with The Doctor and Amy.
When the alien chases The Doctor down the alley, it knocks over a bicycle that had been leaning against a wall. That style of bicycle wasn't created until the early part of the 20th century.
When The Doctor is hit by the Krafayis after being told by Vincent to jump to the left, at 29:37 there is a second where you can see the wire above Matt Smith that was used to swing The Doctor into the stone wall.
The action is supposed to take place in Provence but the church that Van Gogh paints is in Auvers-sur-Oise, near Paris.
While the painting of the church at Auvers is located at the Musee d'Orsay in Paris, the other Vincent van Gogh paintings seen in the story are not. The sunflower vase Van Gogh dedicates to Amy is in the Neue Pinakothek in Munich, Germany, while "Wheatfield with Crows" is exhibited at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.
Doctor Black says that Van Gogh likely painted the church between 1 and 3 June 1890 "less than a year before, before he killed himself." While this is technically true, Vincent van Gogh actually killed himself the following month.
Vincent van Gogh only sold one painting to his brother Theo in his entire lifetime, not as Dr. Black states, a "sister of a friend".
When Vincent and Amy are walking down the track, Vincent mispronounces his own surname.
Vincent van Gogh's last name is mispronounced in a distinctly British way. It is constantly pronounced as "goff" while it should be pronounced as "gog" (soft g at the end). The American pronunciation "go" is more accurate than the British version.