The chemical reaction in the lab is casually called "elephant toothpaste".
The baseball caps read HALAL (authorised or permissible, as Kamran is a Muslim) and HARAM (forbidden: Bruno is not a Muslim).
According to Yusuf, the name "Kamala" and its male form "Kamal" stand for "marvel." A more accurate meaning would be "perfection" or "accomplishment."
Kamala jokes with the Red Dagger about his Pakistani and Irish roots. Aramis Knight's father is of Pakistani and Indian descent, and his mother, who is white, is of English, Irish, and German ancestry.
In the previous episode, Kamala's broken necklace charm forms the letter "kaaf" in Arabic or a stylized "S", as in "Ms." Marvel. This is the symbol that her mother integrated into the Ms Marvel costume she made.