When Ipolit and Bender are running for the exit after breaking the last chair, the piece Ipolit is holding has a large crack in it. Yet when they run back in, the chair piece is intact.
At the Buffet, Vorobyaninov piles a plate of food with a glop of yellow stuff on top, next scene he enters a room with half the plate full with red sauce on top.
The railway workers' club (last chair location) opening ceremony takes place in apparent autumn. However, when Ostap and Ippolit break in at night, there is a lot of snow around.
The title of the movie is displayed in Russian (Cyrillic) before it transitions to English. If you look closely however, the Russian spelling for the movie's title is incorrect. The title is misspelled as the Cyrillic equivalent of "Dvenadtsat Stchlev" instead of the proper spelling, "Dvenadtsat Stulev".
Russian railroad tracks are famously unique for being laid with their joints across from each other rather than being staggered as they are elsewhere. When Ippolit and Ostap walk walk back to Moscow all the tracks they pass have staggered joints.
On the car of the Columbus Theater for the announced Play "Hamlet and the October Revolution" next to Shakespeare the name Ivan Poppov is mentioned, obviously a reference to Ivan Ivanovich Popov, a Russian revolutionizer, journalist and freedom fighter. However he is written with one P, not two.
Several signs in the movie are written in plain English, something one would never see in Soviet Russia (though this could be deliberate for the convenience of the viewer).
The chairs are supposed to be walnut which is a medium to dark-brown wood, but when they're broken a very pale wood is exposed.
When Ippolit and Ostap jump out of the window, the horse is fake and its front legs break from the impact. The real horse runs off shortly thereafter.
When Ostap and Vorobyaninov are in a park, on a bench they sit on is carved (I don't remember the names correctly, so I will use random names): Ana+Ivan. This is a clear sign that the movie was not shot in Russia, because they use Cyrillic script. Subotica, in which the Moscow parts of the movie were shot, was and is a big diaspora, so it's not a surprise the writing is in Latin alphabet, even though Serbians use Cyrillic script.
In the bureau of housing Ostap Bender, disguised as a soviet official, is writing with his left hand. However in the Soviet union, especially in the time the movie is set, left hand writing was not tolerated by the state and would be hardly accepted in public, as Bender is writing not only hidden behind the shelfs but was also about to write in front of Father Fyodor. Left hand writing was accepted in USSR only in 1985-1986.
During the chase through the train yard, a modern era bus can be seen passing in the background.
Vorobyaninov's "cancellation" stamp places the event in summer 1927. A street sign shows Trotsky's name crossed off, but he was not expelled from the Communist Party until that fall.
When Vorobyaninov first fakes an epileptic attack, the building behind the Dostoevsky monument has modern rolling shutters.
Shortly after Ippolit and Ostap arrive in Moscow, there is a pullout shot of Soviet buildings with prominently-displayed television antennas atop most of the buildings. Television broadcasting did not start in the Soviet Union until 1938--11 years after the date of this movie's setting (1927).