National security advisor to US president Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981.
His father, a Polish diplomat, was posted to Canada in 1938, thus
barely avoiding the outbreak of WWII a year later. The family remained
in Canada and later moved to the US.
Has Ph.D. in political science from Harvard (1953).
In 1981 awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his role in the
normalization of U.S.-Chinese relations and for his contribution to the
human rights and national security policies of the United States.
Received his B.A. (1949) and M.A. (1950) in political science from
McGill University in Montreal, Canada.
Became a U.S. citizen in 1958.
In 1995, was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest
civilian recognition, for his contribution to the recovery of Poland's
independence from Soviet Union.