The challenge & response used by the party on Kobol is "Flash" and "Thunder", the same challenge/response pair used during the Allied invasion of France in World War II.
The song that Starbuck plays and attributes to her father is "Metamorphosis Five," from Philip Glass's album "Solo Piano".
Opening credits say there were 47,874 human survivors.
Apollo's use of the term "roll the hard six" echoes his father's use of the term back in The Hand of God (2005). It means to be successful, despite the odds.
Apollo uses the phrase, "roll the hard six." This is a dice term. To roll a six you need a one and a five, a two and a four, or a pair of threes. The odds of rolling any kind of a six is one in eleven or about 9%. to roll a hard six - a pair of threes - drops your chances to only 3%.